Latest Civics / Political Science NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 8th to 12th)
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Class 10th Chapters
1. Power-Sharing	2. Federalism	3. Gender, Religion And Caste
4. Political Parties	5. Outcomes Of Democracy

Latest Class 10th Civics NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A

1. Power-Sharing

This chapter explores the concept of **power-sharing** – how political power is distributed among different organs of government or levels of government. It discusses the advantages of power-sharing in reducing the possibility of conflict between social groups, using examples like **Belgium** and Sri Lanka. Different forms of power-sharing, such as power shared among legislature, executive, and judiciary (horizontal distribution) and power shared among different levels of government (vertical distribution, like federalism), are explained. The chapter emphasizes that sharing power is crucial for the successful functioning of a democracy.

2. Federalism

This chapter delves into the concept of **federalism**, a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units (states or provinces). It discusses the key features of federalism, such as two or more levels of government, each with its own jurisdiction. Different types of federal systems (coming together federations and holding together federations) are explained. The chapter focuses on **Indian federalism**, discussing the distribution of powers between the Union and State governments (Union List, State List, Concurrent List) and the role of decentralized government (Panchayati Raj and Municipalities).

3. Gender, Religion And Caste

This chapter examines how social divisions based on **gender**, **religion**, and **caste** influence and interact with politics, particularly in the Indian context. It discusses how these identities can lead to inequalities and discrimination. The chapter explores the role of social movements (like feminist movements), religious groups, and caste associations in politics. It analyses issues like communalism (politics based on religious identity) and casteism, and discusses constitutional provisions and policies aimed at addressing these inequalities and promoting social justice and equality for all citizens in India.

4. Political Parties

This chapter introduces **political parties**, key institutions in a democracy. It defines political parties as groups of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The chapter discusses the essential **functions** of political parties, such as contesting elections, forming and running governments, playing the role of opposition, making policies, and shaping public opinion. Different types of party systems (one-party, two-party, multi-party) are discussed. The chapter focuses on **political parties in India**, their classification (National parties, State parties), challenges (e.g., dynastic succession, money power), and reform efforts, highlighting their vital role in making democracy work.

5. Outcomes Of Democracy

This chapter assesses the actual **outcomes** and performance of **democracy** compared to other forms of government. It examines various aspects, including accountability, responsiveness, and legitimacy of the government. The chapter discusses democracy's ability to reduce inequality and poverty, accommodate social diversity, and promote dignity and freedom of citizens. It also acknowledges the challenges faced by democracies, such as corruption and slow decision-making. By evaluating the outcomes, the chapter encourages a critical assessment of democracy, emphasizing that its success depends on active citizen participation and effective implementation in contexts like India.